What Are the Signs of Addiction?

Page Editorially Reviewed on 10 July 202426 May 2025 by Victoria McCann BA, MSc | Communications Director & Editorial Lead Victoria is a Director and Editorial Lead at Castle Craig, with over a decade of experience in addiction treatment communications and a passion for clear, ethical, stigma-free communication.

At CATCH Recovery our team of experienced professionals are trained to identify the early and long-term signs of addiction. We understand that symptoms vary from person-to-person and depending on the type of substance that is being used. Recognising these signs and symptoms is crucial in detecting addiction issues at an early stage, which could lead to more positive treatment outcomes with early intervention.

Understanding the Signs of Addiction

Addiction is characterised by loss of control and continued substance use or behaviours despite negative consequences. Detecting addiction involves paying attention to physical, psychological and social changes that can occur with repeated use of a substance or ongoing behaviour.¹

Physical signs of addiction can include:

• Dilated or constricted pupils,
• Altered sleep patterns,
• Appetite changes
• Differences in physical appearance.
• Psychological signs are also key indicators of addiction and can include personality changes, sudden mood swings, anxiety and paranoia.

A person’s behaviour can also be influenced by addiction.

• Increased secretiveness,
• Withdrawal from social interactions,
• A sudden lack of interest in previously enjoyed activities can all occur with addiction.
• An individual’s approach to work, school or social activities can also be altered, leading to increased absenteeism and/or declining performance.² 

Signs of addiction may differ between substance use disorders (SUDs) and behavioural addictions. We’re going to look at both categories in turn.

Remember that you are not alone if you recognise these symptoms in yourself or someone you love. Seeking help is the first step towards recovery, and at CATCH Recovery we are here to help with a variety of flexible assessments and treatment programmes.

Signs and Symptoms of Substance Addictions

Substance addictions, also known as substance use disorders (SUDs), feature dependencies on tobacco, alcohol, drugs or prescription medications. These conditions are characterised by an inability to cut down, physical dependence and risky and continued use despite negative consequences. SUDs can manifest through physical symptoms, behavioural changes, emotional shifts and social disruptions.

SUDs range from mild to severe, depending on the number of symptoms experienced by the substance user. These conditions are often accompanied by withdrawal symptoms, which occur when an individual reduces or stops substance use.³ 

Physical Symptoms

Substance use disorders can present differently depending on the substance, route of administration and factors relating to the individual using the substance. Physical symptoms and signs can be significant and alarming and can result from substance use or withdrawal. They include changes in appearance and issues with physical health.

Physical dependence on a substance is evidenced by physical withdrawal symptoms which occur when use of the substance is reduced or stopped. These might include nausea, shaking, sweating, and even seizures⁶. If you or someone close to you is experiencing these symptoms, it’s critical to seek medical attention immediately.

Psychological Symptoms

Psychological symptoms of substance addiction can vary widely depending on the substance being used, the individual’s mental health history and the severity of addiction. Some common psychological symptoms of addiction include^2,4,5:

• Mood Swings: Rapid and severe mood changes, ranging from euphoria to depression, can be a sign of substance addiction. Mood changes can be unprompted or result from changes in substance use
• Anxiety and Paranoia: Increased levels of anxiety and paranoia are common, particularly with stimulants or hallucinogens. The individual may feel extremely nervous or fearful without a clear cause
• Depression: Persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness or worthlessness can be linked to substance addiction. This can sometimes lead to suicidal thoughts or behaviours
• Memory Problems: Difficulty remembering recent events or conversations can indicate substance use, especially with substances that affect brain function, like alcohol and benzodiazepines
• Irritability and Agitation: Increased irritability and/or agitation can be a clear sign of substance addiction. An individual may quickly become upset or angry, often with little or no provocation
• Hallucinations and Delusions: Some substances can cause the user to experience hallucinations (false sensory perceptions) or delusions (strongly held false beliefs).

Behavioural Symptoms

Behavioural symptoms reflect changes in how a person interacts with the world. In the case of substance use disorders, these symptoms range from being extremely apparent to very subtle. Here are some key things to look out for ^2,4:

• Secrecy and Isolation: Addicted individuals may go to great lengths to hide their substance use whilst becoming increasingly secretive and isolated. They might lie about their whereabouts or activities and withdraw from friends and family
• Neglect of Responsibilities: A noticeable decline in performance at work, school or home can be a sign of substance addiction. This includes increased absenteeism, missed deadlines and a general lack of interest in responsibilities
• Loss of Interest in Hobbies: People struggling with addiction often lose interest in hobbies and activities they once enjoyed. This can be a gradual process whereby substance use is prioritised more and more over time
• Risky Behaviours: Engaging in risky or dangerous activities, such as driving under the influence, unprotected sex or illegal activities to obtain substances, can be indicative of addiction
• Financial Problems: Substance addiction can lead to financial difficulties, as the individual may spend a significant amount of money on their habit. They might also borrow money frequently, sell personal belongings or even steal to fund their addiction
• Changes in Social Circles: A shift in social groups, particularly if the new friends are known to use substances, can be a sign of addiction. The individual might distance themselves from friends who do not use substances
• Compulsive Use: An inability to cut down or control substance use despite repeated attempts and awareness of the negative consequences is a clear behavioural sign of addiction

Signs and Symptoms of Behavioural Addictions

Non-substance addictions, also known as behavioural addictions or process addictions, can be just as debilitating as substance use disorders. Behavioural addictions encompass a range of activities like gambling, eating or internet use, that become compulsive and interfere with daily life.6

Some symptoms might include:

Insomnia and sleep deprivation: Particularly in the case of video game addiction, internet addiction and social media addiction which can have a huge impact on sleep patterns, leading to difficulties in falling asleep or staying asleep.

• Physical strain and discomfort: Prolonged screen time, particularly in gaming or internet addiction, can cause eye strain, dry eyes and headaches. Extended periods of sitting or maintaining poor posture during activities like gaming or internet use can result in neck and/or back pain .
• Weight changes: If you have a loved one with a behavioural addiction you may have noticed that they have been eating unhealthy meals, skipping meals and/or adopt a sedentary lifestyle.
• Gastrointestinal problems: Stress and tension from behavioural addictions can lead to gastrointestinal issues such as stomach aches, ulcers and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)⁷
• Immune System Problems: Chronic stress and poor health habits associated with behavioural addictions can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections and autoimmune diseases.⁸

Psychological Symptoms

Some mental health conditions, such as depression and anxiety, are recognised risk factors for the development of a behavioural addiction. Deterioration in an individual’s mental health and well-being is a significant factor in identifying and understanding the severity and scope of behavioural addictions. Individuals suffering from process addictions may experience the following symptoms:⁶ 

• Increased Anxiety: Persistent anxiety can occur in individuals with behavioural addictions. This anxiety can stem from the addictive behaviour itself or the consequences of the behaviour, such as financial problems or social isolation
• Depression: Behavioural addictions can result in low mood, with individuals experiencing feelings of sadness, hopelessness and a lack of interest in life
• Obsessive Thoughts: The individual may constantly think about the addictive behaviour, finding it difficult to focus on anything else. This obsession can dominate their thoughts and priorities
• Mood Swings: Rapid and unpredictable mood changes can occur in individuals suffering from process addictions. These can range from periods of euphoria when engaging in the behaviour to irritability or sadness when they are unable to do so
• Cognitive Distortions: Behavioural addictions can lead to irrational and/or negative thinking patterns. This occurs as the behaviour becomes the most significant activity in an individual’s life and dominates their thinking 

These psychological symptoms can be disconcerting, but it’s important not to lose hope. Early detection of these symptoms can positively impact the treatment of behavioural addictions and any underlying mental health conditions.

Behavioural Symptoms

Behavioural addictions are characterised by significant changes in behaviour, which can disrupt an individual’s life and relationships. Here are some key changes associated with behavioural addictions6:

• Compulsiveness: An uncontrollable urge to engage in addictive behaviour, often at the expense of other important activities and responsibilities. This compulsiveness can dominate an individual’s daily life
• Neglect of Responsibilities: Behavioural addictions can lead to a noticeable decline in fulfilling responsibilities at work, school or home. An individual may miss deadlines, skip important events and generally perform poorly in their obligations
• Withdrawal From Social Activities: The individual may withdraw from social interactions and activities they once enjoyed, preferring to spend time alone engaging in addictive behaviour
• Financial Problems: Behavioural addictions often lead to financial difficulties, as individuals may spend excessive amounts of money on their addiction, leading to economic instability or debt
• Risky Behaviours: Individuals can engage in risky activities, such as gambling large sums of money, excessive shopping or participating in illegal activities to support their addiction
• Loss of Interest in Other Activities: An individual with a behavioural addiction can abandon previous passions and pursuits in favour of their addiction. This can lead to a significant reduction in interest in hobbies, sports and other recreational activities

These behavioural shifts can be subtle at first but may escalate over time as tolerance is developed. If you recognise these behaviours in yourself or someone you know, it’s essential to seek help. Addiction is a disease, not a character flaw or a sign of weakness. There is a wealth of resources and programmes available to support recovery from addiction. 

When to Seek Help

Having observed potential symptoms of addiction in yourself or someone you care about, there may come a point when professional intervention becomes necessary.

Here are six warning signs which indicate that it’s time to seek treatment: ^3,9

• An individual’s drug use or behavioural addiction is causing physical and/or psychological harm. 
• Continued use or behaviours despite a decline in physical or mental health. 
• Development of physical dependency, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms. 
• Repeated, unsuccessful attempts to quit or reduce substance use or behaviours.
• Legal problems have arisen due to an individual’s substance use or excessive behaviour.
• Significant social and/or occupational consequences of addiction, such as job loss or relationship breakdowns.

These warning signs should not be ignored. Remember, although you can’t force someone to seek help, you can support and encourage them on their journey to recovery.

Treatment Options for Addiction

While it’s heartbreaking to witness a loved one struggle with addiction, understanding the various treatment options available can reassure you and allow you to guide them towards help.

For substance addictions, such as drug addictions and alcohol use disorder, treatment often begins with addressing physical dependence and withdrawal symptoms⁵. Medical detoxification under professional supervision is often necessary to manage these withdrawal symptoms safely. CATCH Recovery provides inpatient referrals for patients who require supervised care.

Treatment for behavioural addictions focuses on identifying and altering the behaviours and thought patterns driving the addiction, for example through Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT). It can also be helpful to meet with a psychiatrist or psychologist, particularly if an individual has co-existing mental health conditions. ⁹ CATCH Recovery’s compassionate approach and personalised treatment plans ensure that every client receives the care and support they need to reclaim their life from addiction. To find out more, contact us today for a free, confidential addiction assessment.

• References
  1. National Health Service (NHS). Addiction: what is it? [Accessed June 2024].
  2. Indian Health Service. Warning Signs of Substance and Alcohol Use Disorder. [Accessed June 2024].
  3. Hartney E, Gans S. DSM 5 Criteria for Substance Use Disorders: How substance use disorders are diagnosed. [Accessed June 2024].
  4. Alavi SS, et al. Behavioural Addiction versus Drug Addiction: Correspondence of Psychiatric and Psychological Views. International Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2012;3(4): 290–4. PMID: 22624087; PMCID: PMC3354400.
  5. Konturek PC, Brzozowski T, Konturek SJ. Stress and the gut: pathophysiology, clinical consequences, diagnostic approach and treatment options. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 2011;62(6): 591–9. PMID: 22314561.
  6. Morey JN, et al. Current Directions in Stress and Human Immune Function. Current Opinion in Psychology. 2015;5: 13–17. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.03.007.
  7. Hartney E, Susman D. An Overview of Behavioral Addiction: How to Live With and Treat Addictive Behaviors.  [Accessed June 2024].